L SCIENCES. This my work is an abstract version of my school textbook “Interesting social sciences”. Chapter on economics 2.9 have been written on base of textbook -œEconomics- by Igor Vladimirovich Lipsic [2] and this chapter has been redacted by this author.
In my opinion, two sociological concepts (social conflict and social control) are the largest value in social sciences. These two concepts are interrelated with each other. On the one hand, the winner in the conflict becomes controller before following the outburst of conflict, and the loser become the object to control, loser is forced to die or give to the winner of the sphere of influence. On the other hand, controller is forced to support an optimal level of severity of sanctions of social control, because too strict or too soft, level of severity conduct to the new outburst of conflict owing to that object of control is beginning to doubt in the ability of controller to fulfill its functions in this case. These two concepts (conflict and control) can solve the many debatable problems in conflictology, anthropology, psychology, theory of systems, philosophy, sociology, politology, law, economics, ethics, religion study, aesthetics, pedagogy, history of science and history. The main part of my work is built on consecutive exposition of content for these sciences with a focus on relations of conflict and control between people. In my view, it need to build a school textbook on the social sciences like that just. I consider the society as compound developing system, which has gone through four stages of development in its history, through four formations – primitive formation, slaveholding formation, feudal formation and capitalistic formation. The main great social invention is new kinds of social conflict and social control that have been invented on the turn in process of history. Thus, I have attempted to rise to the shield partially forgotten idea of social progress. Contents. 1. Introduction. 2. Main part. 2.1. Conflictology. The essence of the theory of social conflict and social control. 2.1.1. Debatable questions in conflictology. 2.1.2. The definitions. 2.1.3. Essence of the interrelation between the concepts social conflict and social control. 2.1.4. About the benefit of conflicts. 2.1.5. The purpose and the reason of social conflict. 2.1.6. The criterions for the classification of the kinds of social conflict and social control. 2.1.7. My classification of the kinds of social conflict and social control. 2.1.8. Need it settle the conflicts? 2.1.9. Two of the type of conflicts. 2.2. Anthropology. 2.2.1. The origin of man as the result of invention by the ancestors of man of hunting and war. 2.2.2. The war between the reasonable man and Neanderthal man. 2.2.3.The differences of man from the monkey, which appeared in the process of evolution. 2.3. Psychology. 2.3.1. The essence of the theory of Z. Freud. 2.3.2. The hypnosis as the method of psychological control. Hypnotizer professor Matveyev. 2.3.3. Four of temperament and their style of behavior in the conflict. 2.3.4. The -œfateful- love. 2.4. Theory of systems. 2.4.1. Progressive development of society. 2.4.2. Theory of the open systems. 2.5. Philosophy. 2.5.1. Formations. 2.5.1.1. Classification of formations. 2.5.1.2. Asian formation. 2.5.1.3. Russian way of development. 2.5.2. Civilizations. 2.5.2.1. The major principles of civilization’s approach. 2.5.2.2. The law of challenge and answer by A. J. Toynbee. 2.5.3. Synthesis of formational and civilization’s approaches. 2.6. Sociology. 2.6.1. Social status. 2.6.2. Statics and dynamics as two states of social structure. 2.6.3. Main concepts of sociology. 2.6.4. Socialization. 2.6.5. Language of gestures, the creation of its own image and the exchange of symbols as the methods of the expression of norms and threat application for sanctions. 2.6.5.1. Language of gestures. 2.6.5.2. Image. 2.6.5.3. Symbol’s interactionism. 2.6.6. Peaceful reforms and social revolutions. 2.6.6.1. Sociology of revolution. 2.6.6.2. Revolution – this good or is bad? 2.6.6.3. Reasons for revolution. 2.6.6.4. What social groups do become first of all revolutionary and why? 2.6.6.5. Disorganization of authority and social control as the second reason for revolution. 2.6.6.6. Second stage of revolution. 2.6.7. Geographical direction, functionalism, the school of conflict and social-Darwinism in macro-sociology. 2.6.7.1. Geographical direction. 2.6.7.1.1. Leo Ilyich Mechnikov about the periodization of history in depending of way for movement. 2.6.7.1.2. The theory of Vasily Osipovich Kluchevsky about the influence of the geographical environment on the Russian history. 2.6.7.2. Functionalism. 2.6.7.3. School of conflict. 2.6.7.4. The idea about the struggle for existence and natural selection in biology and sociology. 2.6.7.5. T.R. Malthus as a founder of science about population growth. 2.6.7.6. Biological theory of evolution by Charles Darwin. 2.6.7.7. Social-Darwinism and racism. 2.6.7.8.. Criticism of social-Darwinism and racism. 2.6.8. Moral conflict and moral control in the small group. 2.6.8.1. Signs of a small group. 2.6.8.2. Neighbor’s community. 2.6.8.3. The teenager’s groups. 2.6.8.4. The functions of the small group. 2.5.8.5. The size of small group. 2.6.8.6. Experiments for the study of pressure and exclusion from Group (moral sanctions). 2.6.8.7. ?onflict of school’s cliques. 2.6.9. Psychology of crowd. Organization of the mass riots as one from methods of political conflict. Could the agitator to control the actions of the crowd fully? 2.6.9.1. Why do people participate in the actions of the crowd? 2.6.9.2. Two types of agitators. 2.6.9.3. Demagogy. 2.6.10. Social organization. 2.6.10.1. Differences between small groups and organizations. 2.6.10.2. Charismatic sect. 2.6.10.3. The total organization. 2.6.10.4. The bureaucracy. 2.6.10.5. History of the invention of bureaucracy. 2.6.11. Functions of the family and causes of the crisis of modern western and Russian family. Government’s attempts to control fertility. 2.6.11.1. There are following functions of the family. 2.6.11.2. The causes of crisis for modern western and Russian family. 2.6.11.3. State’s demographic policy. 2.6.12. Social mobility. 2.6.12.1. Movable and fixed types of societies. 2.6.12.2. What is consequences of overproduction or underproduction for elite? 2.6.13. Inequality and stratification. 2.6.13.1. Utopia C. Marx about communism. 2.6.13.2. The causes of inequality. 2.6.13.3. The changing degree of social inequality in the process of history. 2.6.13.4. Criterions for inequality. 2.6.13.5. Figures of social inequality. 2.6.13.6. Social stratification. 2.6.13.7. The distinction between the historical forms of social stratification. 2.6.13.8. Social class. 2.6.14. Deviant behavior. 2.6.14.1. Causes of suicides by theory of E. Durkheim. 2.7. Politology. 2.7.1. The political system and power. 2.7.1.1. Political power. 2.7.1.2. Is the State a tool of oppression or defender of the interests of all citizens (rich and poor)? 2.7.1.3. The political system. 2.7.1.4. The State. 2.7.1.5. Theories of origin for the State. 2.7.1.6. Theory of Ludwig Gumplovich. 2.7.1.7. The history of relations between the bureaucracy, army, police and Government. 2.7.2. The theory of war. 2.7.2.1. Utopia pacifism. The role of the war in history. 2.7.2.2. International conflicts. 2.7.2.3. General theory of war. 2.7.2.4. Ludwig von Misses about the economic theory of war. 2.7.2.4.1. A brief history of warfare. Total war. 2.7.2.4.2. The war and market’s economy. 2.7.2.4.3. The international division of labour, which reduces the number of military conflicts. 2.7.2.4.4.. Causes of war in the Arab world. 2.7.2.4.5. About harmful and benefit of war. 2.7.3. Forms of Government. 2.7.3.1. The problem of classifying of forms of Government. 2.7.3.2. Classification of Aristotle. 2.7.3.3. Classification of Machiavelli. 2.7.3.4. My opinion to question about the classification of forms of Government. 2.7.4. Political regimes. 2.7.4.1. Kinds of political regimes. 2.7.4.2. Examples of political regimes. 2.7.4.3. The struggle for power can go of three legal ways. 2.7.4.4. Utopia is at power. Forecasts and results of the Communist experiment. 2.7.4.5. The conclusions from the Communist experiment. 2.7.4.6. The essence of totalitarianism. 2.7.4.7. The political sphere under totalitarianism. 2.7.4.8. The cultural sphere under totalitarianism. 2.7.4.9. The economic sphere under totalitarianism. 2.7.4.10. Family’s sphere under totalitarianism. 2.7.4.11. Reasons of historical defeat of totalitarianism. 2.7.4.12. The conclusions about totalitarianism. 2.7.5 The essence of principle for the separation of powers. 2.7.5.1. The three branches of power. 2.7.6. Forms of territorial arrangement. Sovereign democracy in Russia. 2.7.6.1. A unitary State. 2.7.6.2. The Federation. 2.7.6.3. The Confederation. 2.7.6.4. The Empire. 2.7.7. Political parties. 2.7.7.1. The examples of Russian parties. 2.7.7.2. Party’s organizations in Russia. 2.7.8. The essence of social utopia. 2.7.8.1. The utopia of Plato. 2.7.8.2. Criticism of the ideas of Plato. 2.7.8.3. Russian anarchists Bakunin and Nechaev. 2.7.9. The political elite. 2.7.9.1. What people do concern to the elite? 2.7.9.2. How can improve status of the poor man? 2.7.9.3. The circulation of elites. 2.7.9.4. Foxes and Lions among representatives of elite. 2.7.10. Machiavelli about ways of armed seizure of power. 2.7.10.1. The ways of usurpation of the throne. 2.7.10.2. Ways of retention tyrannical power in the conquered country. 2.7.10.3. Ways retention tyrannical power and ways of the fight against threat of political plots. 2.7.10.4. The qualities of character, which sovereign must have. 2.8. The law as science. 2.8.1. The laws as norms of behavior . 2.8.2. The causes of criminality. 2.8.3. The question about necessity of the capital punishment. 2.8.4. Foucault about the prison’s reform. 2.8.4.1. Prison’s reform. 2.8.4.2. The essence of prison’s reform (since the late 18th century until the early 19th century). 2.8.4.3. Reasons for the abolition of public executions. 2.8.4.4. The shortcomings of modern imprisonment. 2.8.4.5. Panopticon. 2.8.4.6. The two systems of maintenance for criminals in the West. 2.8.4.7. Arguments of opponents for Prison’s reform and replacement of executions and torture to imprisonment. 2.9. Economics 2.9.1. Social control in the economy. 2.9.2. Market competition as an economic conflict. 2.9.3. The problem of limited natural and other resources. 2.9.4. Right of property and market. 2.9.5. The Division of labour. 2.9.6. Main questions of the economy. 2.9.7. Crisis of overproduction. 2.9.8. A strike and other administrative kinds of conflict in a market economy. 2.9.9. State regulation of inequality through taxes. 2.9.10. Methods of the struggle against monopolies. 2.9.11. The theory John Keynes about control of the Government above the economy. 2.9.11.1. The important meaning of the theory of John Keynes. 2.9.11.2. Essence of theory for Keynes. 2.9.11.3. The rises and the falls of Keynes’s economic policy. 2.9.11.4. The crisis of theory for Keynes: causes and consequences. 2.9.11.5. The Keynesian ideas today. 2.9.12. Monetarism. 2.9.13. The cyclical nature of economic growth and methods of her regulation. 2.9.14. Nikolai Kondratiev as researcher of the -œlong waves- (economic cycles). 2.9.15. Modern methods and forms of government regulation of the economy. 2.9.16. Methods of protection of domestic producers. 2.9.17. The refusal from politics of protectionism. 2.9.18. The world economy. The precipice between rich countries and poor countries. 2.10. Ethics. 2.10.1. The main intention of the cynics is to make free by themselves. 2.42.2. Ethics of Stoics. 2.10.3. Four noble truths in ethics of Buddhism: 2.11. Religious study. Mechanism of religious control. 2.11.1. Three world religions. 2.11.2. Five elements of mechanism of religious control. 2.11.3. Myth about requital beyond the grave. 2.11.4. Monotheism. 2.11.5. The cult. 2.11.6. The clergy. 2.11.7. Control for observance of religious norms. 2.11.8. Max Weber about the Protestant ethics and spirit of capitalism. The essence of fundamental restructuring of mechanism of religious control and Kalvin had done this restructuring. 2.11.9. About the benefit of religion. 2.12. Aesthetics. 2.12.1. -œFuture-shock” in sphere of Russian cinematograph. 2.12.2. Three stages in the development of Russian cinematograph. 2.13. ?edagogy. School. 2.13.1. School reform in Britain. 2.13.1.1. Sources of funding of schools in Britain after reform. 2.13.1.2. The equal right to education, but uneven results of education. 2.13.1.3. Steps of school’s reform in Britain. 2.13.1.4. Disputes around the school’s reform in Britain. 2.13.2. School’s reform in Russia. 2.13.2.1. There is a list of problems in systems of the Russian school’s education before the reform. 2.13.2.2. Course in carrying out of school’s reform in Russia. 2.13.2.3. It should expect the following steps of school’s reform like Britain in the next years in Russia. 2.13.3. The market of educational services in system of higher education in Russia. 2.13.4. My pedagogy of conflict against utopia of Makarenko. 2.13.4.1. Pedagogy as science. 2.13.4.2. System of sorting of pupils in Britain as a sample for imitation for Russia. 2.13.4.3. The basic theses of my pedagogy of conflict. 2.14. The history of science. 2.14.1. The historical development of science: 2.14.2. Thomas Samuel Kuhn about scientific revolutions. 2.14.3. Example of the scientific revolution in biology. 2.15. The historical science. 2.15.1. The modern overturn in Russian historical science and social sciences in General as an example of the scientific revolution. 2.15.2. Sociological foundations of historic science. 3. Conclusion. . 3.1. The essence of Marx’s paradigm/ 3.2. The main errors of Marx. 3.3. As a result the following -œobsolete- facts were found. 3.4. The essence of my liberal paradigm. 3.5. My paradigm explains the -œobsolete- facts perfectly. 1. Introduction. In my opinion, two conceptions (social conflict and social control) have the greatest value in sociology. These two conceptions are the basis of macro-sociology. These two conceptions make possible to solve many questionable problems in conflictology, anthropology, psychology, theory of systems, philosophy, sociology, political science, law, economics, ethics, religion study, aesthetics, pedagogy, history of science and history: · about the reasons for social inequality, · about the criterion for the classification of different forms of groups and organizations, · about the criterion for the classification of the formations (Carl Marx introduced this concept), · about the criterion for the classification of the forms for government, · about the criterion for the classification of political regimes and about the essence of totalitarianism, · about the reasons for the crash of socialist system, · about the reasons for social progress. · about possibility of school administration to have the right to dismiss of pupils from the school for the bad behavior. I consider society as the complex developing system, which had passed through four steps of development in its history, four formations – primitive formation, slaveholding formation, feudal formation and capitalist formation. I spare the special attention to different social inventions. Main great social inventions are the new forms of social conflict and social control, which were invented on the turn in the process of history. Thus, I have attempted to raise to the shield the partially forgotten idea of social progress. I consider that the society survives not only social changes and shifts, but it survives development and progress. Today humanity entered to the period of post-industrial society, to the period of the very rapid development, described in the work of Toffler -œFuture shock-. Western macro-sociology reminds the sum of the not connected together rag-theories today. I will try to sew them into single whole (flap blanket) – with help of the principles of social conflict and control. N. Smelser and J. J. Macionis [3, 4] considered that conception -œculture- is main conception in sociology. In my opinion, this opinion of Smelser and Macionis is mistake. Conception -œculture- is the very obscure indeterminate concept and for this reason conception -œculture- cannot be the basic concept in sociology. In my opinion, main conceptions in sociology are the conceptions of social conflict and social control. It is necessary to build sociology as science just on the foundation of these principles. The first paragraphs in the textbooks to sociology must be paragraphs about the social conflict and the control, but not paragraph about the culture. My views are most close in macro-sociology to the views of the representatives of such schools and directions as social-Darwinism, school of conflict and structural functionalism. Animals and, in particular, human being can conduct psychological conflict and they can realize the psychological control with help of the language of gestures. Just man invented spoken language, written language, press; therefore he invented the possibility to transmit norms and threats to use sanctions against the disturbers of these norms with the help of these means, for example, in the form of different codes. The ecological and global problems of humanity can be solved only with help of the system of global control. The relations of social conflict and social control are the most important relations in the contact between the people. Humanity attempted to abolish body’s punishments and capital punishment in the sphere of law, guiding by the principles of humanism, humanity attempted to replace it to imprisonment by the specific period. This led to the appearance of the new problems with the recurrent criminality, which did not exist earlier. It is result when utopians attempt to abolish such great social inventions as the separate forms of social control and punishments. Michelle Foucault wrote about these problems. Communists attempted to abolish in the period of socialism such forms of conflict and control as market competition, mechanism of religious control, economic control (bonus and fine), competition in sphere of the art, discussion in sphere of the science and the policy, political elections and multi-party system. As a result Communists have received enormous problems in social development and it has leaded the social development of Russia into the blind alley. Marx and anarchists, for example Bakunin, in addition to this proposed to abolish family, prison, army, war, law court, police, bureaucracy, money, thus they proposed to destroy social system before the foundation. Rousseau admired by life of primitive savage and Rousseau proposed to return into the primitive society, into -œthe Golden Age-. After World War II the country-conquerors attempted to prevent the possibility of the third world war and to forbid war as the form of political conflict in general. But is it possible to make this in principle? 2. Main part. 2.1. Conflictology. The essence of the theory of social conflict and social control. 2.1.1. The debatable questions in conflictology. There are several unresolved problem in such science as conflictology: · Of than does consist the essence of the interrelation between the concepts social conflict and social control? · Do conflicts have a benefit? · What do the reasons and the purpose of conflict consists? · What is criterion for the classification of conflicts? · Is it necessary whether and is it possible whether to settle all conflicts on the basis of the voluntary agreement of conflicting sides? · What is the basis for agreeing of the conflicting sides during the settlement of conflict? 2.1.2. The definitions. A social conflict is the form of social interaction under which the participants of this conflict attempt to conquer the victory above their opponents with the help of different means with the aim of the physical destruction of opponent, his transformation into the object of control or the conquering of the somebody else’s sphere of influence and somebody else’s resources. A Social control is the form of social interaction under which the controller forces the object of control to the fulfillment of norms of behavior with help of the threat of the application of positive or negative sanctions, with help of the introduction of stereotypes. Thus, there are two statuses (controller and objects of control) in relations of social control. A sanction is reward or punishment, thus there are positive or negative sanctions. A norm is the rule of behavior. A stereotype is the model for the imitation, which is takes root in the consciousness of the people through the media and mass culture. The temporary consistency of the mechanism for control with help of the threat of the application of sanctions consists of three stages: · the translation of norms, · supervision for the fulfillment of norms, · the application of negative sanctions against the disturbers of norms and the application of positive sanctions for the obedient executors of norms. Below I will try to give the answers to debatable questions in conflictology, which were assigned above. 2.1.3. Essence of the interrelation between the concepts social conflict and social control. There is no description of the logical principle of the interrelation between the conceptions of -œsocial conflict- and -œsocial control- in the sociological literature. These conceptions are examined in the detachment from each other. The theoretical novelty of my approach consists to the detection of the essence of this interrelation. Just the understanding of the essence of this interrelation makes it possible to solve all enumerated above problems of conflictology. The essence of this interrelation consists of the following. · From one side, the conqueror in the conflict becomes controller before the following flash of conflict, lost in conflict man becomes to the object of control, and lost in conflict man is forced to perish or to yield the sphere of influence to conqueror. · From other side, the controller is forced to support the optimum level of the strictness of the sanctions of social control, because too severe or too soft level of severity of social control challenges the new flash of conflict owing to that the object of control begins to doubt in the ability of controller to fulfill its functions. The object of control goes to the conflict with the controller owing to a feeling of desperation in the case of too severe level of severity of social control and the object of control decides to risk by its life, by achievements in the career or by wages for the sake of the liberation from too severe a control. The object of control receives the hope on the victory over the controller in the case of too soft a control, since object of control begins to consider that controller is too weak and incapable to use punishments. For example, the pupils arrange the disruption of lesson in the case of the too tyrannical or too tolerant style of the guidance of order on the lesson from the side of teacher. 2.1.4. About the benefit of conflicts. With the point of view for the representatives of such direction in macro-sociology as structural functionalism, each custom and each organization have own function in the society, conflicts do not have a benefit and a function in the society; therefore conflicts must be eradicated. Applied sociological studies were developed intensively In first half 20 centuries (studies of conflicts in the small groups and the production organizations, studies of the conflicts in the form of strikes, protest demonstrations, riots and military conflicts). The purpose of these studies is the explanation of the reasons of conflicts and the search of the effective procedures of their settletion. The conflicts were considered in this case as the negative processes, which restrain the development of society. T. Parsons saw the main task of sociology in the maintenance of the non-conflicting relations between different elements of society with aim of the maintenance of equilibrium, mutual understanding and collaboration. In his opinion, law’s institutes, religion and customs carry out the function of settlement of conflicts. The society becomes all less conflicting to measure to development of society. This concept of T. Parsons was underwent by the substantiated criticism for -œthe non-viability-. With an opposite point of view, which belongs to the representatives of the school for conflict in macro-sociology, conflicts are inevitable in the society, but conflicts must be settled, conflicts have a benefit and harm in the society. Luis Coser indicated to the negative and positive functions of conflict. The negative functions of conflict are the worsening of the social climate, the reduction of productivity of labor, the dismissal of the part of the workers with aim of resolution of conflict, the inadequate perception by the opposite sides of each other and the decreasing of collaboration between them, the material and emotional expenditures for resolution of conflict. The positive functions of conflict is that the conflict is the reason for change and development of social system, it is the source of innovations, conflict makes it possible to build hierarchy inside the social groups, conflict makes it possible to create organization, conflict makes it possible to join the association of adherents, conflict makes possible for man to appear his activity, thus, conflict stimulates the development of personality, conflict brings up self-esteem, durability, courage and leader’s qualities, outcome of conflict removes latent tension and outcome of conflict gives the exit for energy. I am agreeable with the point of view of the school of conflict completely. Benefit and function of conflict consist in that the development of society takes place with help of conflict and the natural selection of aspirants to controllers take place with help of conflict; therefore the complete eradication of conflict is utopia, conflict is the necessary element of social structure. 2.1.5. The purpose and the reason of social conflict. The purpose of conflict is the conquest of resources, status of controller or sphere of influence. The reason for conflict is the human needs for wealth, prestige and authority in spite of interests of other people. The consequence of these conflicts is the inevitable and natural inequality between the people in the society. The status of controller, the be conquered sphere of influence, the wealth, the prestige and the authority are prizes for winner in the conflict. The inequality between the controller and the object of control serves as an example of the inequality between the people. Sometimes some elites attempt to create themselves notorious advantages in the conflict in the form of caste’s or class’s privileges, some elites attempt to forbid for the representatives of bottoms to make legal career. Such elites attempt to abolish the free elections, the market competitions, the marriages between the representatives of bottoms and tops, such elites attempt to abolish the right of the representative of bottoms to address into the law court or to challenge on the duel of the representative of elite. This attempts lead unavoidably to the loss of competitive ability at the representatives of elite and this attempts lead to the social revolution, when -œupstarts- from the bottoms are forced to destroy physically by -œdegenerates- from the old elite and -œupstarts- from the bottoms are forced to occupy place at the top of social pyramid instead representatives of old elite. 2.1.6. The criterions for the classification of the forms of social conflict and social control. A. I. Antsupov and A. I. Shipilov [1] have enumerated nine criterions and the nine appropriate classifications of the conflicts: · The character and the features of sides which are participating in conflict, for example, of zoo-conflicts, intra-personal conflicts, intergovernmental conflicts and so on. · The kinds of needs (physiological, in security, social, in the respect, in self expression). · The intensity of the running of conflict (low, average and high). · The type of the spheres of the vital activity, where conflicts occur (family, working, political and other spheres of conflicts. · The duration of the running of conflict. · The relationship of positive and negative elements in the conflict (constructive and destructive conflicts). · The quantity of sides in the conflict. · The degree of the elaboration of the normative methods of settlement of conflicts (any normative mechanisms do not developed for the quarrel of two passengers in the public transport, but normative mechanisms is for the duel). · The character of the relations of subordination between the opponents (-œon the vertical line-, -œalong horizontal-, -œalong the diagonal-). In my opinion, these nine criterions are the secondary signs of conflict, these nine criterions do not express the essence of conception -œconflict- and these nine criterions cannot serve as basis for the classification. Such essential criterion is the kind of means for struggle under conducting of conflict. There are following means of struggle for the different kinds of the conflict: · The gestures of aggression, flirtation, lie, etc. · Verbal abuse or praise, the spreading of gossips. · The weapon. · Organization of pre-election campaign, meetings and demonstrations, political advertisement, denunciation into the higher authorities, the bureaucratic intrigues, the strike. · The religious curses in the address of opponents, sacred inquisition. · The cheap and high-quality goods. · The high-quality work of skill. · The rhetorical methods, the sophistical tricks and the scientific proof. My criterion for the classification of kinds of social control is the kind of sanctions or stereotypes. Psychological science did not open to the end the device of the mechanism of psychological control (mechanism of hypnosis, -œfateful- love, influence of demagogue on the crowd). Moral, armed, administrative, economic and religious kinds of control are built on the mechanism of the threat of sanctions. Five kinds of the sanctions are applied in five corresponding kinds of control: · The moral sanctions (praise or swearing). · The armed sanctions (corporal punishments). · The administrative sanctions (rise or fall to the service, the dismissal or acception to work). · The religious sanctions (threat of eternal torments in hell or eternal bliss in to paradise, the promise of advantages or penalties in the process of reincarnation (in the process regeneration of souls). · The economic sanctions (money’s prize or fine). Aesthetical and ideological kinds of control are built on the mechanism of the introduction of stereotypes. 2.1.7. Classification of the forms of social conflict and social control. In my opinion, there are eight types of social conflict and there are eight analogous types of the social control: 1. Psychological conflict. 1. Psychological control. 2. Moral conflict. 2. Moral control. 3. Armed conflict. 3. Armed control. 4. Administrative conflict. 4. Administrative control. 5. Religious 1conflict. 5. Religious control. 6. Economic conflict. 6. Economic control. 7. Aesthetical conflict. 7. Aesthetical control. 8. Ideological conflict. 8. Ideological control It will be opened in more detail the essence of this classification below; examples of the forms of conflict will be named. The forms of social conflict and social control were invented not simultaneously, but it were invented on the turn in the process of the history of human society. The translation of norms and the threat of sanctions is realized not with help of the words in the process of psychological control and psychological conflict frequently, but it is realized in form of the language of gestures. Humanity inherited these primitive forms of psychological conflict and psychological control from the animal ancestors. It is possible to give the following examples of each form of the conflict: 1). Examples of the psychological conflict: · the mutual intimidation in the language of gestures, · the explanation in the process of the flirtation of that fact, who is leader in the amorous relations, · the competition of demagogues for the influence on the crowd. 2). Example of the moral conflict: · the quarrel between men in the process of fight for status of leader in the small group. 3). Examples of the armed conflict: · the hunting on wild animals, · The war between the states, · Civil War, · The war between the criminal groups and against the police, · the armed seizure of power, · political murder, · extremist terror, · duel, · sport’s competitions. 4). Examples of the administrative conflict: · political elections, · the conflict of bureaucratic cliques, clique – is group or the gang of adherents, this group strive to dismiss from the work of the members of other cliques with help of different base methods and this group strive to move the members of own clique upward on the administrative official stairs. · the strike of workers. There are three forms of the political elections: · the straight elections at the people meeting, · the elections in the privileged meeting, · the nation-wide election for the political leaders (governors or the President) or the nation-wide election for its representatives (the deputies), who, in turn, vote in the parliament instead of and in the interests of their voters. The system of election in the people Assemble was brought to the perfection in Ancient Greek Athens, the system of election in the privileged senate was brought to the perfection in Ancient Greek Sparta and in Ancient Rome, and the system of nation-wide elections was brought to the perfection in England and the USA as a result of activity of the parties of chartists and feminists. Chartists had sought the right voice for workers, and feminists had sought the right of voice for the women. 5). An example of religious conflict is religious competition between the church and sectarian organizations for the sphere of influence on the believers within the framework of the observance of the freedom of conscience, invented in the USA. 6). An example of economic conflict is the market competition, under conditions of which such producer survives, who can produce and sell goods on the smallest price and with the best quality. Market relations were invented by Phoenicians and ancient Greeks in Athens. There were invented sea trade and seagoing ships, handicraft production of goods to sale and particular ownership of the means of production in Phoenicia and Athens, but as the work force they used slaves. Gold money were invented in Lydia. The market was abolished and subsistence economy is restored in the Middle Ages in Western Europe, because the center of the development of European civilization had moved from the Mediterranean to the continent, and trade along the land roads was hindered because of the feudal shattering. The market relations were restored in Western Europe in the new time on the new basis, oceanic trade and ocean-going ships (caravels) be hired work’s force and machine production were invented in addition to the old signs of market. Oceanic trade and caravels were invented in Portugal and Spain. 7). An example of aesthetical conflict is the competition between the creators of art, this competition was invented in ancient Athens. 8). An example of ideological conflict – these are dispute or discussion between the scientists, between the politicians or between the media. Formal logic (science about the laws of correct thinking) and rhetoric (science about the eloquence) were invented in Ancient Greece. It is possible to give the following examples for each kind of control: 1). Examples of the psychological controllers: · the hypnotizer, · the demagogue, who knows how to act on crowd, · the -œfateful- person, who knows how to suggest meek love to own person from the side of the representatives of opposite sex. 2). An examples of moral control are the control of leader in the small group with help of such sanctions as praise or swearing under the conditions of the moral support of leader from the side of the majority of the members of this group. 3). An examples of the armed control: · the control of herdsman, horseman and the coachman in the farmer economy in relation to domestic animals, · the control of leader in the criminal groups, · the control of -œpilferers in the law- in Russian prison, medical orderlies in mad-house, guards in any total organization (barracks, hospital for irresponsible, prison, slaveholding economy, concentration camp for the prisoners of war) – with help of such sanctions as corporal punishments. · The authorities turn out the system of criminal law into the system of state’s terror and intimidation of citizens under such form of Government as tyranny. 4).An examples of the administrative control: · the control inside the vassal- feudatory system, · the control inside any bureaucratic organization (tax service, army, church, police, system of education, system of state public health, government sector in the economy, socialist command-administrative system, ministerial system of executive power) with help of such sanctions as dismissal or accept to the work, increase or the reduction on the service. Administrative control was invented together with the invention of bureaucracy in Ancient Egypt and in States of Mesopotamia. 5). An example of religious control is the control -œof the prophet- in the charismatic sect and control of the priest above the believers with help of such sanctions as the threats of eternal torments in hell or the promise of eternal bliss in to paradise in Christianity and Islam, promise of advantages in the process of reincarnation in Buddhism. Religious control was invented in such world religions as Christianity, Islam Buddhism. The mechanism of religious control (in Christianity) was invented in the period of the sunset of Roman empire. 6). An examples of the economic control: · the control in private enterprise, · the control of international banks, · the government’s control of market. Economic control is fulfilled with help of such sanctions as money’s prize or fine. This kind of control is most effective today. Economic control was invented in the New Time in England and Netherlands. International banks attempt to control economically to the policy of the entire countries. The system of the government’s control of the domestic market uses such economic sanctions as privileges on the credits, the taxes and the duties. 7). An example of aesthetical control is a control with help of the introduction of aesthetical stereotypes (attractive images). 8). An example of ideological control is control with help of the introduction of ideological stereotypes by the way of repeated repetition of norms. Political and commercial advertisement serves as an example of aesthetical and ideological control. The invention of the media and means of mass culture (newspapers, the cinema, the radio, the televisions, the stages, video- allowed to build the system of ideological and aesthetical control into Western Europe and USA into the New Time. State’s ideological machine was built under the Communist and Fascist tyranny with aim of fraud and disinformation of citizens in the interests of authorities. That to secure of citizens from this danger, there is a freedom of press under the conditions of western democracy, that is the system of competition between the private medias, in that conditions the television company, which gives the false, uninteresting or obsolete information, is forced to ruin. 2.1.8. Need it settle the conflicts? In my opinion, the settlement of conflict is the impracticable task until participants of conflict will be agreeable to observe some conditions of truce. These conditions can consist from agreement about the division of resources, boundaries of the spheres of influence or about the observance of agreement, according to which the conqueror becomes controller, and loser men is by object of control. This is the basis for the agreement between the conflicting sides. This agreement is the result of the test of forces in the conflict usually, but this agreement is not the result of frequently useless conversations with the psychotherapist. This agreement is superfluous in the case of physical destruction one of two opposite sides of conflict. Law court, law-enforcement agencies and organs of the performance of punishment occupy oneself to the settlement of conflicting relations in the society. Law court follows for the observance of the rules of fight and Law court has authorities to apply sanctions to the disturbers of these rules. Religious organizations and psychological service do not have such authorities and they occur unable to settle conflicts frequently. They are capable of only comforting those lost, of preventing the cases of alcoholism, addiction, suicide among the lost and mass disorders and the mutinies with the participation of those lost. It isn’t possible to settle all forms of conflict in the law court, for example, psychological, moral, armed and conflicts of bureaucratic cliques. People avoid to be turned into the law court most frequently for such insignificant questions as everyday quarrels. The criminal cases about -œfateful- love are excited only in the case of murder or suicide of victim. Criminals frequently also avoid to be turned into the law court, since. They live not according to the laws, but -œon the concepts-, i.e., rotation into the law court contradicts the principles of thievish -œhonor-. Debatable questions in criminals are settled not in the law court, but on the meeting (on -œthe pointer-) with the participation of criminal authorities (-œpilferers in the law-) instead of the judges, in -œhonest- duel or with the aid of the destruction of the enemy as a result of war between the gangsters. In nobles it was accepted to solve the conflicts, connected with questions of nobility’s honor, not with the aid of the law court, but with the aid of the duel. The settlement of all forms of armed conflict is most difficult task. Victory is here frequently reached only after physical destruction or taking into the captivity of the substantial part of the hostile Army, when further continuation of war for the lost side is impossible. In war most frequently goes on the fight without the rules, when all is permitted. Sometimes sides conclude the agreements about the prohibition of the application of the most barbarous forms of weapon, execution of prisoners of war and terror against the innocent civilians, but these agreements frequently are disrupted. For example, Germany used poisonous gases in the First World War in spite of the articles of prewar agreement. Terrorists are capable in spite of all rules of executing hostages or children, of exploding peaceful citizens. The observance of prohibitions with the waging of war is built frequently only on the fear before the reciprocal application of the forbidden type of weapon, but not on the fear before the judicial sanctions. In war there is this rule – conquerors do not judge. The International Court of Justice, which has a jurisdiction to judge tyrants for genocide against its own people and army commanders for the military crimes, for example, this law court it examined the affair of the former Yugoslavian ruler of Milosevic, was recently formed. During the conflict between the bureaucratic cliques, which unavoidably appears in any -œoffice-, the representatives of one clique create the intolerable working conditions for the representatives of another clique and force them to be discharged at will, in this case the first try not to give to the second of occasion for the rotation into the law court. Not all forms of conflict must be settled, since. it is profitable to support society such forms of conflict as market competition, political selections, creative competition, scientific dispute, sport competitions. For this purpose state fights with those participants in the conflict, who knew how to conquer all their rivals and to attain sole position on the market, it opposition in the political sphere is supported and it follows the observance of political freedoms. For example, the President of the USA F. D. Roosevelt was obtained nickname -œthe destroyer of the trusts-, which became monopolists in the American economy. As the answer these trusts created the transnational corporations, when central office is located in the USA, and assembly plants – in the countries of the third peace. As a result it is very difficult to draw a similar company to the law court and to divide on the part of the based on a court decision one country; furthermore, a similar company obtains the possibility to exploit cheap labor of the countries of the third peace. The system of the separation of authorities is built during the maintenance to a certain degree of the competitor relations between the branches of authority. 2.1.9. Two of the type of conflicts. Conflicts are divided into two types: · The conflicts, which are conducted without the rules and without the arbiter. They are conducted before the complete physical destruction of the lost side of conflict sometimes. · The conflicts according to the rules, where there is an arbiter, who follows for the observance of the rules of game and an arbiter sentences the victory. Such conflicts finish with the destruction of the lost side of conflict never. It is applied only first type conflict in living nature. Hunting finishes with death of animals from the hands of man most frequently, but it is very rare, that hunting finishes by the placement of animals into the zoo. The rules are introduced even in the sphere of hunting and fishing today, this rules forbid the hunting on the rare animals, carried into the Red Book, this rules forbid hunting and fishing in the specific periods of time – period of the spawning of fish, nesting of birds and so on. The most barbarous types of weapon of mass-destruction were forbidden or limited in 20 centuries, and the rules of treatment with the prisoners of war were accepted. Knightly duel or duel was passed according to the rules, sekundanties followed for observance of this rules. Usurpers destroy the thrown down rulers after palace coup or after plot for the purpose of the assumption of power usually, because the thrown down rulers present too great a danger for the conspirators in the case of its return to the power. For example, such scars as Lie-Dmitri 1, Peter 3, Ivan Antonovich, Pavel 1, Nikolai 2 were killed in the course or after revolution in Russia. As the exception from the general rule, scar Vasily Szujski was sent for the monastery, Khrushchev and Gorbachev was sent to the pension. The fight of bureaucratic cliques goes on without rules, because it goes secretly, winners do not destroy the lost rivals, but winners dismiss the lost rivals. The small group is arbiter in the moral quarrel, the small group sentences victory. The rules of game and law court exist in the elections, the market, the religious conflict, creative competition and scientific dispute. The development of society conducts to reduction of the sphere for the propagation of fight without the rules and to the expansion of the sphere of the propagation of those forms of the conflict, where there are an arbiter and rules of game. As the conclusion it should be noted that my answers to all debatable questions in conflictology were represented above. 2.2. Anthropology. 2.2.1. The origin of man as the result of invention by the ancestors of man of hunting and war. If Marx considered that the labor had created a man from the monkey, then, in my opinion, not labor, but such kinds of conflict, as hunting and war, had made man from the monkey, when the representatives of more progressive developed human being destroyed physically to human being from the backward tribes and the firsts ate the second on the custom of cannibalism even sometimes. Otherwise It is difficult to explain this rapid evolution from the monkey to the man and the absence of intermediate steps from the monkey to the man today, for example, of Neanderthal men. 2.2.2. The war between the reasonable man and Neanderthal man. Scientists did not consider the fact of war between the kinds of family hominid for a long time and scientists considered that the evolution of man was more-less linear: one kind had changed another kind, and each new kind was more progressively, each new kind was nearer to the contemporary man than previous kind. It is now clear that everything was much more complexly. The evolutionary tree of hominid had turned out branched completely. Several different kinds of hominid (which located on the different -œlevels- of proximity to the man) coexisted in the same place in some time sometimes, and these kinds warred with each other. Primates appeared 65 millions years ago. Primates were distinguished from the general mass of the living beings thanks to own intellect, primates have the greatest volume of the brain with respect to the dimensions of body. Primates had begun to develop along two different lines about 12 millions years ago, thus, people were separated from the large monkeys which is our nearest relatives. But the generality of origin is obvious on the features which people share with the chimpanzee, the gorillas and the orangutans: · extraordinary sociability, · the prolonged concern about the babies and capability for collective protection, · the ability to walk directly, · the hands, capable of manipulating by objects. By the way, according to the observations of contemporary scientists, chimpanzee (in contrast to the gorillas and the orangutans) are capable to attend to hunting to the representatives of the smaller kinds of monkeys already periodically that to eat of the meat of victims. The chimpanzee it is considered by trainers as one of the most dangerous kinds of predators thank to the mind and the activity of chimpanzee. Our ancestors go down from the trees into the high grasses of Central Africa about 3 millions ears ago. Our ancestors moved on two feet there and our ancestors had mastered the advantages of collective hunting and our ancestors had begun to use the fire, instruments and weapon. Our ancestors built primitive shelters and our ancestors sewed primitive clothing. Our own species (Homo sapiens from Lat. -œperson is reasonable-) had appeared about 250 thousand years ago. People walked along the Earth about 40 thousand years ago, this people were not different outwardly from contemporary people. The first civilizations had arisen in Egypt and Mesopotamia about 12 thousand years ago. · Homo of neanderthalensis. Neanderthal men populated Europe and West Asia (from Spain to Uzbekistan) 200 000 – 28 000 years ago. Climate was more coldly in that time and the glacial periods began several times during the time existences of Neanderthal men also. Neanderthal men, in all likelihood, are not the straight ancestors of contemporary people, Neanderthal man and Homo sapience had origined from the pithecanthropus independently. Neanderthal men differ from contemporary men by lower forehead, coming out nape, above-eyebrow’s arcs. The volume of the brain of Neanderthal man was as in contemporary people or it is more even. Neanderthal man could to light fire already. Neanderthal man fed by meat almost exclusively with help of hunting, cannibalism was very disseminated among Neanderthal men. The weapon of Neanderthal men was double-edged chopped. Neanderthal men had wooden spears for the close battle with the stone’s tips also. · Homo sapiens is reasonable man. The great expansion of homo of sapiens had begun about 50-55 thousand years ago. At first, homo of sapiens moved to South and Southeastern Asia, apparently, where there were no Neanderthal men. The representatives of this -œwave- of settling of Homo sapience had penetrated to Australia (about 50 thousand years ago), where this -œwave-, apparently, had led extremely rapid desertion of continent and mass extinction of large animals. Intrusion of Homo sapience had occurred to Europe somewhat later (40-35 thousand years ago), but Europe was possession of Neanderthal men. This moment can be considered the date of invention for war as one of the kinds of conflict, humanity did not know war and knew only hunting before that time. If the purpose of hunting is destruction of animals with aim of obtaining for meat for human consumption, that the purpose of war is destruction, forcing out, capture by human beings with aim of seizure of territory and various resources. Homo sapience and Neanderthal ma lived on one territory and wars with each other a long time (40-28 thousand years ago). Contemporary man had appeared only once in some small region (in Africa), he settled from there to entire Old World and contemporary man had destroyed all archaic people (pithecanthropus and Neanderthal men). All contemporary people differ very little from each other genetically (genetic differences between the races of people in general is less than between the different beings of chimpanzee in one herd). 2.2.3. The differences of man from the monkey, which appeared in the process of evolution. In my opinion, new functions of thinking (capability for gun activity, spoken language and abstract thinking) had appeared at man in comparison with the monkey, but highest mammals (dogs, monkeys and so on) and man have a capability to intuition, but this intuition, in contrast to the man, exists at highest mammals in the nonverbal form. The appearance of new functions of thinking had led to the appearance of physiological differences of the man from the monkey: · Man had acquired the capability for walking erect with aim to free hands for the gun activity. This had led to a change in the hand and the development of thumb at man, this had led to the decrease of the length of hands, this had led to a change in the foot, which had lost seizing function with climbion along the trees, this had led to a change of the spine (it appeared S- descriptive form instead of the form of arc). · The appearance of speech and thinking had led to the change in the structure of skull and brain. The brain of man is in 2-2,5 times more than the brain of anthropomorphous monkeys. · The chin’s protrusion testifies about a good development of articulate speech at man. 2.3. Psychology. 2.3.1. The essence of the psychological theory of Sigmund Freud. Man origins from the monkey; therefore instincts, intuition and unconscious play the very large role in the behavior of man, man inherited this instincts, intuition and unconscious from the monkeys. In the opinion Freud, consciousness – this is only top of the iceberg, under which unconscious hides itself, unconscious is enormous underwater part of the iceberg, which has an enormous effect on the behavior of man. Subconsciousness resembles the boiler, which manufactures much sexual and aggressive energy. Subconsciousness requires output and otherwise boiler can explode and disease will begin the in the form of neurosis. Man frees self from the tension and man feel a brief condition of the bliss in the process of the unlimited exit of energy. Freud named two instincts (instinct of life Eros and instinct of death ?f Tanatos). The instinct of life includes in self hunger, thirst, sex. Libido (from the Latin -œto want- or -œto desire-) is the form of psychic energy. The instincts of death can be directed both inside in the form the suicide and outside in the form of hatred and aggression. Freud treated by soldiers in the hospital during the First World War. These soldiers are trained to kill in war; therefore they had received the tendency to the murder after service or to the suicide. It can compare the sub consciousness with the blind king which demands of satisfaction of own instincts in spite of dangers. Morals and social norms call conditions, time and place of the satisfaction of instincts. If the desires of man contradict to the norms of morals, that man attempts to suppress these desires, to forget, to extrude them into the sphere of unconscious. Anxiety appears as a result contradiction between instincts and requirements of morals. The main method to get rid of the anxiety is sublimation that is a safe exit of energy along other channels. Man can splash out own aggression with help of the occupation by the power kinds of sport (by boxing, by fight or by heavy athletics), with help of the acquisition of the profession of soldier in the war. Woman with the sadistic inclinations can become the surgeon or the author of first-class criminal novels. Man can splash the superfluous energy through such channels as occupation by art, by science or by policy. The nervous and passionate temperament of some politicians, like V.V. Zhirinovsky or A. Hitler, testifies that their -œboiler- boils simply. If man can not organize the sublimation, that -œboiler- can explode and man begins to ache the in the form of neurosis or hysteria. Neurosis is manifested in different fears that are in the phobias. Freud earned to itself to the life with help of treatment of people with such diagnosis with help of the psychoanalysis. It used two methods of treatment (hypnosis and the method of free associations). Freud learned the authentic thoroughly hidden even from itself reasons of the disease of patient with help of this methods, then Freud explained these reasons to patient and thus Freud had treated by patient. A shortcoming of the psychoanalytical method consists in that the paid procedure of treatment can last by years; this is much more expensive than simple tablet. Conclusion: subconsciousness is the reason for conflicts between the people frequently, but subconsciousness gives to man the energy frequently, the energy is necessary for achievement of victory in the conflict and for survival of man. 2.3.2. The hypnosis as the method of psychological control. Hypnotizer professor Matveyev. The hypnosis is sinking of man in the trans and the realization of suggestion. Professor Matveyev was my teacher of psychology at the Ural State University in Yekaterinburg, Matveyev was professional hypnotizer and he tried to explain to us at the lectures all secrets of this method. Hypnotizer must possess confident, imperious, juicy, artistic voice, that is reached by the way of prolonged trainings. Furthermore, hypnotizer must see the people, inclined to the suggestion; hypnotizer must see the people with the weak will and the rich imagination. Woman and children yield by hypnosis more easily. Blue-eyed blondes with the bad imagination, the developed thinking (for example, chess players) and the strong will yield by hypnosis badly. Professor Matveyev organized the shows of hypnosis in his lectures frequently. Matveyev revealed people, inclined to the suggestion, with help of the simple procedure at first. Matveyev ordered to entire class to shut the eyes and to press hand into the fist. People, inclined to the suggestion, could not unclench the fist without its command. Matveyev called these people to the black-board on the turn and then Matveyev carried out the experiences above them under the amazed views of other students. Experimental students, who were in condition of hypnotic trance, represented on its command that, as they catch fish, they play to the piano, they draw the picture and so on The opinion polls show that it can to suggest the necessary ideas to the sufficiently high percentage of people (from 40% to 75%). 2.3.3. Four of temperament and their style of behavior in the conflict. Hippocrates named correctly four temperaments: · phlegmatic, · sanguine, · choleric, · melancholic. But Hippocrates had given the incorrect substantiation of this correct classification. In his opinion, four temperaments are formed owning to predominance of one of four secretions – mucus, blood, yellow bile and black bile. I. P. Pavlov had given the correct scientific substantiation of the classification of temperaments in its theory about the types of higher nervous activity. It established that the features of higher nervous activity are determined by different correlations of excitation and braking. Nervous system can be characterized by the following properties: · -œstrength – weakness-; · -œbalanced – unbalanced-; · -œmobility – inertness-. Different combinations of these properties give the specific type of the nervous system: · Strong, balanced, mobile man is sanguine person (from the Latin -œsangvie- – the blood); · Strong, balanced, inert man is phlegmatic person (from the Greek -œphlegm- – mucus); · strong, unbalanced, with the predominance of excitation man is choleric person (from Greek -œkhole- – yellow bile), · weak man is melancholic person (from the Greek -œmolasseses khole- – black bile). The sanguine person is characterized by large mobility, sanguine person adapt to changed living conditions easily. Sanguine person has a the ability to switch attention rapidly. Sanguine person makes the acquaintance with the new people easily. Its feelings are variable now he is gay, now he is sad, now he laughs; now he cries. Its negative trait of character is that he can’t hold the own promises; it does not know how to lead the matter to th
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